I have a R1200S, along with my GS - what does the shaving mod look like?
Unfortunately, I can't post pics.

But to give the best picture I can: think from the perspective of looking at the bike head-on.
If you face the front brake calipers from this position, and imagine the ASCII drawing below as the view you would see of the front end of the left-hand caliper (i.e. same side of the wheel as the ABS wheel-speed measuring ring)...
..................-------
.................| _ |
.................| | | |
..............X -- --
(Disregard the dots - they are only there because I can't space the ASCII characters properly without them.)
...then the 'X' is the point at which you will need to file or sandpaper off about 1mm-worth of metal from the caliper (at a 45-degree angle).
You will also need to do this to the right-hand caliper - again, at the points closest to the wheel (i.e. as a mirror-image of the drawing above).
This is done so the calipers will not contact the brake-disc mounting points of the R1200S front wheel.
Also, what mods would I have to carry out to put the rear on - it is a full fat 6 inch rim.
If you still have the standard exhaust, you will need to ditch it - it will not fit. Go for the narrowest exhaust silencer you fancy.
My '09 runs a 6" K1200S rear rim with a 190/55-17 tyre - with the Tornado exhausts I run on both bikes, I haven't yet had any clearance issues.
You will definitely need to cut the inside of the left-hand centre stand 'foot' by at least 5mm; maybe more. The best way to find out is to fit the wheel, then put the bike on the side stand with the centre stand up. Have a close look at the stand foot clearance on either side of the rear tyre sidewall to get an idea.
It would be fun to swap the wheel around occasionally to enjoy the sticker rubber on 17's - plus, as I have both bikes it's probably cheaper to mod the brakes etc. than buy a spare set of wheel and tyres.
It will... but bear in mind that the GS/GSA use 305mm front brake discs.
Unless you want to fool around with machining adaptor plates for the 320mm brake discs that come on the R1200S, you will also need to transfer the GS discs to the S front wheel...
Do I need to alter the side stand and centre stand?
Centre stand... see above.
Sidestand... probably not, but then I don't know what profile your rear tyre is, what your suspension settings are etc.

I haven't had an issue with either of my bikes. If you find that yours is now sitting too far upright on the stand, you may want to try giving it SLIGHTLY more of a 'bend'.